Small mammal enterotoxemia is a condition that can affect small mammals such as rabbits, mice, and chinchillas. It’s caused by the bacteria Clostridium perfringens, and it results in gastrointestinal distress, loss of appetite, dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and even death. The bacteria produce toxins that damage the lining of the digestive tract and cause an inflammatory response.
Infection occurs when the bacteria is ingested in food or water, or when it’s inhaled from contaminated bedding or other materials. The infection can spread quickly through a population of small mammals, and it’s often fatal if not treated promptly. Treatment typically includes antibiotics, fluids to treat dehydration, and supportive care such as nutritional supplementation. In severe cases, surgery will be necessary to remove damaged portions of the intestine.
Symptoms of Small Mammal Enterotoxemia
- Appetite loss
- Dehydration
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Lethargy
- Weakness
- Weight loss
Diagnosing Small Mammal Enterotoxemia
Diagnosing enterotoxemia is typically based on clinical signs and a history of exposure to the bacteria. In some cases, a sample of the affected animal’s feces can be taken and tested for Clostridium perfringens. A complete blood count and chemistry panel can be performed to assess organ function as well as hydration status. An abdominal X-ray or ultrasound can be used to assess the condition of the intestine.
Stages of Small Mammal Enterotoxemia
The stages of small mammal enterotoxemia can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the age and health of the animal. In general, there are three stages: early, intermediate, and late.
Stage 1
In the early stage, animals can have symptoms such as appetite loss, dehydration, lethargy, and weakness. They can also have signs of abdominal pain such as hunched posture or abdominal distention.
Stage 2
In the intermediate stage, animals will have more severe symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and rapid weight loss. There can also be evidence of shock or septicemia.
Stage 3
In the late stage, animals can have severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances that can lead to organ failure and death. There is a risk of septic peritonitis or gastrointestinal necrosis.
Treating Small Mammal Enterotoxemia
Treating small mammal enterotoxemia typically includes antibiotics, fluids to treat dehydration, and supportive care such as nutritional supplementation. In severe cases, surgery will be necessary to remove damaged portions of their intestine.
Preventing Small Mammal Enterotoxemia
Prevention is the best way to avoid enterotoxemia, and proper sanitation is essential to preventing the spread of the bacteria. This includes regularly cleaning bedding and food dishes, as well as changing out soiled bedding. It’s also important to ensure that small mammals have access to fresh food and water at all times. Finally, vaccination against enterotoxemia is available and should be considered for animals in high-risk situations.